Oh dear, more about the Bush family and the Nazis.

[Wayne Johnson]

Chapter - II - The Hitler Project

Bush Property Seized--Trading with the Enemy

In October 1942, ten months after entering World War II, America was
preparing its first assault against Nazi military forces. Prescott Bush was
managing partner of Brown Brothers Harriman. His 18-year-old son George, the
future U.S. President, had just begun training to become a naval pilot. On
Oct. 20, 1942, the U.S. government ordered the seizure of Nazi German
banking operations in New York City which were being conducted by Prescott
Bush.

Under the Trading with the Enemy Act, the government took over the Union
Banking Corporation, in which Bush was a director. The U.S. Alien Property
Custodian seized Union Banking Corp.'s stock shares, all of which were owned
by Prescott Bush, E. Roland `` Bunny '' Harriman, three Nazi executives, and
two other associates of Bush.@s1

The order seizing the bank `` vests '' (seizes) `` all of the capital stock
of Union Banking Corporation, a New York corporation, '' and names the
holders of its shares as:

  `` E. Roland Harriman--3991 shares ''
  [chairman and director of Union Banking Corp. (UBC); this is `` Bunny ''
Harriman, described by Prescott Bush as a place holder who didn't get much
into banking affairs; Prescott managed his personal investments]

  `` Cornelis Lievense--4 shares ''
  [president and director of UBC; New York resident banking functionary for
the Nazis]

  `` Harold D. Pennington--1 share ''
  [treasurer and director of UBC; an office manager employed by Bush at
Brown Brothers Harriman]

  `` Ray Morris--1 share ''


  [director of UBC; partner of Bush and the Harrimans]

  `` Prescott S. Bush--1 share ''
  [director of UBC, which was co-founded and sponsored by his father-in-law
George Walker; senior managing partner for E. Roland Harriman and Averell
Harriman]

  `` H.J. Kouwenhoven--1 share ''
  [director of UBC; organized UBC as the emissary of Fritz Thyssen in
negotiations with George Walker and Averell Harriman; managing director of
UBC's Netherlands affiliate under Nazi occupation; industrial executive in
Nazi Germany; director and chief foreign financial executive of the German
Steel Trust]

  `` Johann G. Groeninger--1 share ''
  [director of UBC and of its Netherlands affiliate; industrial executive in
Nazi Germany]

  `` all of which shares are held for the benefit of ... members of the
Thyssen family, [and] is property of nationals ... of a designated enemy
country.... ''

By Oct. 26, 1942, U.S. troops were under way for North Africa. On Oct. 28,
the government issued orders seizing two Nazi front organizations run by the
Bush-Harriman bank: the Holland-American Trading Corporation and the
Seamless Steel Equipment Corporation.@s2

U.S. forces landed under fire near Algiers on Nov. 8, 1942; heavy combat
raged throughout November. Nazi interests in the Silesian-American
Corporation, long managed by Prescott Bush and his father-in-law George
Herbert Walker, were seized under the Trading with the Enemy Act on Nov. 17,
1942. In this action, the government announced that it was seizing only the
Nazi interests, leaving the Nazis' U.S. partners to carry on the
business.@s3

These and other actions taken by the U.S. government in wartime were,
tragically, too little and too late. President Bush's family had already
played a central role in financing and arming Adolf Hitler for his takeover
of Germany; in financing and managing the buildup of Nazi war industries for
the conquest of Europe and war against the U.S.A.; and in the development of
Nazi genocide theories and racial propaganda, with their well-known results.

The facts presented here must be known, and their implications reflected
upon, for a proper understanding of President George Herbert Walker Bush and
of the danger to mankind that he represents. The President's family fortune
was largely a result of the Hitler project. The powerful Anglo-American
family associations, which later boosted him into the Central Intelligence
Agency and up to the White House, were his father's partners in the Hitler
project.

President Franklin Roosevelt's Alien Property Custodian, Leo T. Crowley,
signed Vesting Order Number 248 seizing the property of Prescott Bush under
the Trading with the Enemy Act. The order, published in obscure government
record books and kept out of the news,@s4 explained nothing about the Nazis
involved; only that the Union Banking Corporation was run for the `` Thyssen
family '' of `` Germany and/or Hungary ''--`` nationals ... of a designated
enemy country. ''

By deciding that Prescott Bush and the other directors of the Union Banking
Corp. were legally front men for the Nazis, the government avoided the more
important historical issue: In what way were Hitler's Nazis themselves
hired, armed and instructed by the New York and London clique of which
Prescott Bush was an executive manager? Let us examine the Harriman-Bush
Hitler project from the 1920s until it was partially broken up, to seek an
answer for that question.

Origin and Extent of the Project
Fritz Thyssen and his business partners are universally recognized as the
most important German financiers of Adolf Hitler's takeover of Germany. At
the time of the order seizing the Thyssen family's Union Banking Corp., Mr.
Fritz Thyssen had already published his famous book, I Paid Hitler,@s5
admitting that he had financed Adolf Hitler and the Nazi movement since
October 1923. Thyssen's role as the leading early backer of Hitler's grab
for power in Germany had been noted by U.S. diplomats in Berlin in 1932.@s6
The order seizing the Bush-Thyssen bank was curiously quiet and modest about
the identity of the perpetrators who had been nailed.

But two weeks before the official order, government investigators had
reported secretly that `` W. Averell Harriman was in Europe sometime prior
to 1924 and at that time became acquainted with Fritz Thyssen, the German
industrialist. '' Harriman and Thyssen agreed to set up a bank for Thyssen
in New York. `` [C]ertain of [Harriman's] associates would serve as
directors.... '' Thyssen agent `` H. J. Kouwenhoven ... came to the United
States ... prior to 1924 for conferences with the Harriman Company in this
connection.... ''@s7

When exactly was `` Harriman in Europe sometime prior to 1924 ''? In fact,
he was in Berlin in 1922 to set up the Berlin branch of W.A. Harriman & Co.
under George Walker's presidency.

The Union Banking Corporation was established formally in 1924, as a unit in
the Manhattan offices of W.A. Harriman & Co., interlocking with the
Thyssen-owned Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart (BHS) in the Netherlands. The
investigators concluded that `` the Union Banking Corporation has since its
inception handled funds chiefly supplied to it through the Dutch bank by the
Thyssen interests for American investment. ''

Thus by personal agreement between Averell Harriman and Fritz Thyssen in
1922, W.A. Harriman & Co. (alias Union Banking Corporation) would be
transferring funds back and forth between New York and the `` Thyssen
interests '' in Germany. By putting up about $400,000, the Harriman
organization would be joint owner and manager of Thyssen's banking
operations outside of Germany.

How important was the Nazi enterprise for which President Bush's father was
the New York banker?

The 1942 U.S. government investigative report said that Bush's Nazi-front
bank was an interlocking concern with the Vereinigte Stahlwerke (United
Steel Works Corporation or German Steel Trust) led by Fritz Thyssen and his
two brothers. After the war, Congressional investigators probed the Thyssen
interests, Union Banking Corp. and related Nazi units. The investigation
showed that the Vereinigte Stahlwerke had produced the following approximate
proportions of total German national output:

  50.8% of Nazi Germany's pig iron
  41.4% of Nazi Germany's universal plate
  36.0% of Nazi Germany's heavy plate
  38.5% of Nazi Germany's galvanized sheet
  45.5% of Nazi Germany's pipes and tubes
  22.1% of Nazi Germany's wire
  35.0% of Nazi Germany's explosives.@s8
Prescott Bush became vice president of W.A. Harriman & Co. in 1926. That
same year, a friend of Harriman and Bush set up a giant new organization for
their client Fritz Thyssen, prime sponsor of politician Adolf Hitler. The
new German Steel Trust, Germany's largest industrial corporation, was
organized in 1926 by Wall Street banker Clarence Dillon. Dillon was the old
comrade of Prescott Bush's father Sam Bush from the `` Merchants of Death ''
bureau in World War I.

In return for putting up $70 million to create his organization, majority
owner Thyssen gave the Dillon Read company two or more representatives on
the board of the new Steel Trust.@s9

Thus there is a division of labor: Thyssen's own confidential accounts, for
political and related purposes, were run through the Walker-Bush
organization; the German Steel Trust did its corporate banking through
Dillon Read.

The Walker-Bush firm's banking activities were not just politically neutral
money-making ventures which happened to coincide with the aims of German
Nazis. All of the firm's European business in those days was organized
around anti-democratic political forces.

In 1927, criticism of their support for totalitarianism drew this retort
from Bert Walker, written from Kennebunkport to Averell Harriman: `` It
seems to me that the suggestion in connection with Lord Bearsted's views
that we withdraw from Russia smacks somewhat of the impertinent.... I think
that we have drawn our line and should hew to it. ''@s1@s0

Averell Harriman met with Italy's fascist dictator, Benito Mussolini. A
representative of the firm subsequently telegraphed good news back to his
chief executive Bert Walker: `` ... During these last days ... Mussolini ...
has examined and approved our c[o]ntract 15 June. ''@s1@s1

The great financial collapse of 1929-31 shook America, Germany and Britain,
weakening all governments. It also made the hard-pressed Prescott Bush even
more willing to do whatever was necessary to retain his new place in the
world. It was in this crisis that certain Anglo-Americans determined on the
installation of a Hitler regime in Germany.

W.A. Harriman & Co., well-positioned for this enterprise and rich in assets
from their German and Russian business, merged with the British-American
investment house, Brown Brothers, on January 1, 1931. Bert Walker retired to
his own G.H. Walker & Co. This left the Harriman brothers, Prescott Bush and
Thatcher M. Brown as the senior partners of the new Brown Brothers Harriman
firm. (The London, England branch of the Brown family firm continued
operating under its historic name--Brown, Shipley.)

Robert A. Lovett also came over as a partner from Brown Brothers. His
father, E.H. Harriman's lawyer and railroad chief, had been on the War
Industries Board with Prescott's father. Though he remained a partner in
Brown Brothers Harriman, the junior Lovett soon replaced his father as chief
executive of Union Pacific Railroad.

Brown Brothers had a racial tradition that fitted it well for the Hitler
project! American patriots had cursed its name back in U.S. Civil War days.
Brown Brothers, with offices in the U.S.A. and in England, had carried on
their ships fully 75 percent of the slave cotton from the American South
over to British mill owners. Now in 1931, the virtual dictator of world
finance, Bank of England Governor Montagu Collet Norman, was a former Brown
Brothers partner, whose grandfather had been boss of Brown Brothers during
the U.S. Civil War. Montagu Norman was known as the most avid of Hitler's
supporters within British ruling circles, and Norman's intimacy with this
firm was essential to his management of the Hitler project.

In 1931, while Prescott Bush ran the New York office of Brown Brothers
Harriman, Prescott's partner was Montagu Norman's intimate friend Thatcher
Brown. The Bank of England chief always stayed at the home of Prescott's
partner on his hush-hush trips to New York. Prescott Bush concentrated on
the firm's German activities, and Thatcher Brown saw to their business in
old England, under the guidance of his mentor Montagu Norman.@s1@s2

Hitler's Ladder to Power
Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany January 30, 1933, and absolute
dictator in March 1933, after two years of expensive and violent lobbying
and electioneering. Two affiliates of the Bush-Harriman organization played
great parts in this criminal undertaking: Thyssen's German Steel Trust; and
the Hamburg-Amerika Line and several of its executives.@s1@s3

Let us look more closely at the Bush family's German partners.

Fritz Thyssen told Allied interrogators after the war about some of his
financial support for the Nazi Party: `` In 1930 or 1931 ... I told
[Hitler's deputy Rudolph] Hess ... I would arrange a credit for him with a
Dutch bank in Rotterdam, the Bank fu@aur Handel und Schiff [i.e. Bank voor
Handel en Scheepvaart (BHS), the Harriman-Bush affiliate]. I arranged the
credit ... he would pay it back in three years.... I chose a Dutch bank
because I did not want to be mixed up with German banks in my position, and
because I thought it was better to do business with a Dutch bank, and I
thought I would have the Nazis a little more in my hands... .

`` The credit was about 250-300,000 [gold] marks--about the sum I had given
before. The loan has been repaid in part to the Dutch bank, but I think some
money is still owing on it.... ''@s1@s4

The overall total of Thyssen's political donations and loans to the Nazis
was well over a million dollars, including funds he raised from others--in a
period of terrible money shortage in Germany.

Friedrich Flick was the major co-owner of the German Steel Trust with Fritz
Thyssen, Thyssen's long-time collaborator and occasional competitor. In
preparation for the war crimes tribunal at Nuremberg, the U.S. government
said that Flick was `` one of leading financiers and industrialists who from
1932 contributed large sums to the Nazi Party ... member of `Circle of
Friends' of Himmler who contributed large sums to the SS. ''@s1@s5

Flick, like Thyssen, financed the Nazis to maintain their private armies
called Schutzstaffel (S.S. or Black Shirts) and Sturmabteilung (S.A., storm
troops or Brown Shirts).

The Flick-Harriman partnership was directly supervised by Prescott Bush,
President Bush's father, and by George Walker, President Bush's grandfather.

The Harriman-Walker Union Banking Corp. arrangements for the German Steel
Trust had made them bankers for Flick and his vast operations in Germany by
no later than 1926.

The Harriman Fifteen Corporation (George Walker, president, Prescott Bush
and Averell Harriman, sole directors) held a substantial stake in the
Silesian Holding Co. at the time of the merger with Brown Brothers, Jan. 1,
1931. This holding correlated to Averell Harriman's chairmanship of the
Consolidated Silesian Steel Corporation, the American group owning one-third
of a complex of steel-making, coal-mining and zinc-mining activities in
Germany and Poland, in which Friedrich Flick owned two-thirds.@s1@s6

The Nuremberg prosecutor characterized Flick as follows:

`` Proprietor and head of a large group of industrial enterprises (coal and
iron mines, steel producing and fabricating plants) ...
`Wehrwirtschaftsfuh@aurer', 1938 [title awarded to prominent industrialists
for merit in armaments drive--`Military Economy Leader'].... ''@s1@s7

For this buildup of the Hitler war machine with coal, steel and arms
production, using slave laborers, the Nazi Flick was condemned to seven
years in prison at the Nuremberg trials; he served three years. With friends
in New York and London, however, Flick lived into the 1970s and died a
billionaire.

On March 19, 1934, Prescott Bush--then director of the German Steel Trust's
Union Banking Corporation--initiated an alert to the absent Averell Harriman
about a problem which had developed in the Flick partnership.@s1@s8 Bush
sent Harriman a clipping from the New York Times of that day, which reported
that the Polish government was fighting back against American and German
stockholders who controlled `` Poland's largest industrial unit, the Upper
Silesian Coal and Steel Company.... ''

The Times article continued: `` The company has long been accused of
mismanagement, excessive borrowing, fictitious bookkeeping and gambling in
securities. Warrants were issued in December for several directors accused
of tax evasions. They were German citizens and they fled. They were replaced
by Poles. Herr Flick, regarding this as an attempt to make the company's
board entirely Polish, retaliated by restricting credits until the new
Polish directors were unable to pay the workmen regularly. ''

The Times noted that the company's mines and mills `` employ 25,000 men and
account for 45 percent of Poland's total steel output and 12 percent of her
coal production. Two-thirds of the company's stock is owned by Friedrich
Flick, a leading German steel industrialist, and the remainder is owned by
interests in the United States. ''

In view of the fact that a great deal of Polish output was being exported to
Hitler Germany under depression conditions, the Polish government thought
that Prescott Bush, Harriman and their Nazi partners should at least pay
full taxes on their Polish holdings. The U.S. and Nazi owners responded with
a lockout. The letter to Harriman in Washington reported a cable from their
European representative: `` Have undertaken new steps London Berlin ...
please establish friendly relations with Polish Ambassador [in Washington].
''

A 1935 Harriman Fifteen Corporation memo from George Walker announced an
agreement had been made `` in Berlin '' to sell an 8,000 block of their
shares in Consolidated Silesian Steel.@s1@s9 But the dispute with Poland did
not deter the Bush family from continuing its partnership with Flick.

Nazi tanks and bombs `` settled '' this dispute in September, 1939 with the
invasion of Poland, beginning World War II. The Nazi army had been equipped
by Flick, Harriman, Walker and Bush, with materials essentially stolen from
Poland.

There were probably few people at the time who could appreciate the irony,
that when the Soviets also attacked and invaded Poland from the East, their
vehicles were fueled by oil pumped from Baku wells revived by the
Harriman/Walker/Bush enterprise.

Three years later, nearly a year after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor,
the U.S. government ordered the seizure of the Nazis' share in the
Silesian-American Corporation under the Trading with the Enemy Act. Enemy
nationals were said to own 49 percent of the common stock and 41.67 percent
of the preferred stock of the company.

The order characterized the company as a `` business enterprise within the
United States, owned by [a front company in] Zurich, Switzerland, and held
for the benefit of Bergwerksgesellschaft George von Giesche's Erben, a
German corporation.... ''@s2@s0

Bert Walker was still the senior director of the company, which he had
founded back in 1926 simultaneously with the creation of the German Steel
Trust. Ray Morris, Prescott's partner from Union Banking Corp. and Brown
Brothers Harriman, was also a director.

The investigative report prior to the government crackdown explained the ``
NATURE OF BUSINESS: The subject corporation is an American holding company
for German and Polish subsidiaries, which own large and valuable coal and
zinc mines in Silesia, Poland and Germany. Since September 1939, these
properties have been in the possession of and have been operated by the
German government and have undoubtedly been of considerable assistance to
that country in its war effort. ''@s2@s1

The report noted that the American stockholders hoped to regain control of
the European properties after the war.

Control of Nazi Commerce
Bert Walker had arranged the credits Harriman needed to take control of the
Hamburg-Amerika Line back in 1920. Walker had organized the American Ship
and Commerce Corp. as a unit of the W.A. Harriman & Co., with contractual
power over Hamburg-Amerika's affairs.

As the Hitler project went into high gear, Harriman-Bush shares in American
Ship and Commerce Corp. were held by the Harriman Fifteen Corp., run by
Prescott Bush and Bert Walker.@s2@s2

It was a convenient stroll for the well-tanned, athletic, handsome Prescott
Bush: From the Brown Brothers Harriman skyscraper at 59 Wall Street--where
he was senior managing partner, confidential investments manager and adviser
to Averell and his brother `` Bunny ''--he walked across to the Harriman
Fifteen Corporation at One Wall Street, otherwise known as G.H. Walker &
Co.--and around the corner to his subsidiary offices at 39 Broadway, former
home of the old W.A. Harriman & Co., and still the offices for American Ship
and Commerce Corp., and of the Union Banking Corporation.

In many ways, Bush's Hamburg-Amerika Line was the pivot for the entire
Hitler project.

Averell Harriman and Bert Walker had gained control over the steamship
company in 1920 in negotiations with its post-World War I chief executive,
Wilhelm Cuno, and with the line's bankers, M.M. Warburg. Cuno was thereafter
completely dependent on the Anglo-Americans, and became a member of the
Anglo-German Friendship Society. In the 1930-32 drive for a Hitler
dictatorship, Wilhelm Cuno contributed important sums to the Nazi
Party.@s2@s3

Albert Voegler was chief executive of the Thyssen-Flick German Steel Trust
for which Bush's Union Banking Corp. was the New York office. He was a
director of the Bush-affiliate BHS Bank in Rotterdam, and a director of the
Harriman-Bush Hamburg-Amerika Line. Voegler joined Thyssen and Flick in
their heavy 1930-33 Nazi contributions, and helped organize the final Nazi
leap into national power.@s2@s4

The Schroeder family of bankers was a linchpin for the Nazi activities of
Harriman and Prescott Bush, closely tied to their lawyers Allen and John
Foster Dulles.

Baron Kurt von Schroeder was co-director of the massive Thyssen-Hu@autte
foundry along with Johann Groeninger, Prescott Bush's New York bank partner.
Kurt von Schroeder was treasurer of the support organization for the Nazi
Party's private armies, to which Friedrich Flick contributed. Kurt von
Schroeder and Montagu Norman's prote@aage@aa Hjalmar Schacht together made
the final arrangements for Hitler to enter the government.@s2@s5

Baron Rudolph von Schroeder was vice president and director of the
Hamburg-Amerika Line. Long an intimate contact of Averell Harriman's in
Germany, Baron Rudolph sent his grandson Baron Johann Rudolph for a tour of
Prescott Bush's Brown Brothers Harriman offices in New York City in December
1932--on the eve of their Hitler-triumph.@s2@s6

Certain actions taken directly by the Harriman-Bush shipping line in 1932
must be ranked among the gravest acts of treason in this century.

The U.S. embassy in Berlin reported back to Washington that the `` costly
election campaigns '' and `` the cost of maintaining a private army of
300,000 to 400,000 men '' had raised questions as to the Nazis' financial
backers. The constitutional government of the German republic moved to
defend national freedom by ordering the Nazi Party private armies disbanded.
The U.S. embassy reported that the Hamburg-Amerika Line was purchasing and
distributing propaganda attacks against the German government, for
attempting this last-minute crackdown on Hitler's forces.@s2@s7

Thousands of German opponents of Hitlerism were shot or intimidated by
privately armed Nazi Brown Shirts. In this connection we note that the
original `` Merchant of Death, '' Samuel Pryor, was a founding director of
both the Union Banking Corp. and the American Ship and Commerce Corp. Since
Mr. Pryor was executive committee chairman of Remington Arms and a central
figure in the world's private arms traffic, his use to the Hitler project
was enhanced as the Bush family's partner in Nazi Party banking and
trans-Atlantic shipping.

The U.S. Senate arms-traffic investigators probed Remington after it was
joined in a cartel agreement on explosives to the Nazi firm I.G. Farben.
Looking at the period leading up to Hitler's seizure of power, the Senators
found that `` German political associations, like the Nazi and others, are
nearly all armed with American ... guns.... Arms of all kinds coming from
America are transshipped in the Scheldt to river barges before the vessels
arrive in Antwerp. They then can be carried through Holland without police
inspection or interference. The Hitlerists and Communists are presumed to
get arms in this manner. The principal arms coming from America are Thompson
submachine guns and revolvers. The number is great. ''@s2@s8

The beginning of the Hitler regime brought some bizarre changes to the
Hamburg-Amerika Line--and more betrayals.

Prescott Bush's American Ship and Commerce Corp. notified Max Warburg of
Hamburg, Germany, on March 7, 1933, that Warburg was to be the corporation's
official, designated representative on the board of Hamburg-Amerika.@s2@s9

Max Warburg replied on March 27, 1933, assuring his American sponsors that
the Hitler government was good for Germany: `` For the last few years
business was considerably better than we had anticipated, but a reaction is
making itself felt for some months. We are actually suffering also under the
very active propaganda against Germany, caused by some unpleasant
circumstances. These occurrences were the natural consequence of the very
excited election campaign, but were extraordinarily exaggerated in the
foreign press. The Government is firmly resolved to maintain public peace
and order in Germany, and I feel perfectly convinced in this respect that
there is no cause for any alarm whatsoever. ''@s3@s0

This seal of approval for Hitler, coming from a famous Jew, was just what
Harriman and Bush required, for they anticipated rather serious `` alarm ''
inside the U.S.A. against their Nazi operations.

On March 29, 1933, two days after Max's letter to Harriman, Max's son, Erich
Warburg, sent a cable to his cousin Frederick M. Warburg, a director of the
Harriman railroad system. He asked Frederick to `` use all your influence ''
to stop all anti-Nazi activity in America, including `` atrocity news and
unfriendly propaganda in foreign press, mass meetings, etc. '' Frederick
cabled back to Erich: `` No responsible groups here [are] urging [a] boycott
[of] German goods[,] merely excited individuals. '' Two days after that, On
March 31, 1933, the American-Jewish Committee, controlled by the Warburgs,
and the B'nai B'rith, heavily influenced by the Sulzbergers (New York
Times), issued a formal, official joint statement of the two organizations,
counseling `` that no American boycott against Germany be encouraged, '' and
advising `` that no further mass meetings be held or similar forms of
agitation be employed. ''@s3@s1

The American Jewish Committee and the B'nai B'rith (mother of the ``
Anti-Defamation League '') continued with this hardline, no-attack-on-Hitler
stance all through the 1930s, blunting the fight mounted by many Jews and
other anti-fascists.

Thus the decisive interchange reproduced above, taking place entirely within
the orbit of the Harriman/Bush firm, may explain something of the
relationship of George Bush to American Jewish and Zionist leaders. Some of
them, in close cooperation with his family, played an ugly part in the drama
of Naziism. Is this why `` professional Nazi-hunters '' have never
discovered how the Bush family made its money?

The executive board of the Hamburg Amerika Line (Hapag) met jointly with the
North German Lloyd Company board in Hamburg on Sept. 5, 1933. Under official
Nazi supervision, the two firms were merged. Prescott Bush's American Ship
and Commerce Corp. installed Christian J. Beck, a long-time Harriman
executive, as manager of freight and operations in North America for the new
joint Nazi shipping lines (Hapag-Lloyd) on Nov. 4, 1933.

According to testimony of officials of the companies before Congress in
1934, a supervisor from the Nazi Labor Front rode with every ship of the
Harriman-Bush line; employees of the New York offices were directly
organized into the Nazi Labor Front organization; Hamburg-Amerika provided
free passage to individuals going abroad for Nazi propaganda purposes; and
the line subsidized pro-Nazi newspapers in the U.S.A., as it had done in
Germany against the constitutional German government.@s3@s2

In mid-1936, Prescott Bush's American Ship and Commerce Corp. cabled M.M.
Warburg, asking Warburg to represent the company's heavy share interest at
the forthcoming Hamburg-Amerika stockholders meeting. The Warburg office
replied with the information that `` we represented you '' at the
stockholders meeting and `` exercised on your behalf your voting power for
Rm [gold marks] 3,509,600 Hapag stock deposited with us. ''

The Warburgs transmitted a letter received from Emil Helfferich, German
chief executive of both Hapag-Lloyd and of the Standard Oil subsidiary in
Nazi Germany: `` It is the intention to continue the relations with Mr.
Harriman on the same basis as heretofore.... '' In a colorful gesture,
Hapag's Nazi chairman Helfferich sent the line's president across the
Atlantic on a Zeppelin to confer with their New York string-pullers.

After the meeting with the Zeppelin passenger, the Harriman-Bush office
replied: `` I am glad to learn that Mr. Hellferich [sic] has stated that
relations between the Hamburg American Line and ourselves will be continued
on the same basis as heretofore. ''@s3@s3

Two months before moving against Prescott Bush's Union Banking Corporation,
the U. S. government ordered the seizure of all property of the
Hamburg-Amerika Line and North German Lloyd, under the Trading with the
Enemy Act. The investigators noted in the pre-seizure report that Christian
J. Beck was still acting as an attorney representing the Nazi firm.@s3@s4

In May 1933, just after the Hitler regime was consolidated, an agreement was
reached in Berlin for the coordination of all Nazi commerce with the U.S.A.
The Harriman International Co., led by Averell Harriman's first cousin
Oliver, was to head a syndicate of 150 firms and individuals, to conduct all
exports from Hitler Germany to the United States.@s3@s5

This pact had been negotiated in Berlin between Hitler's economics minister,
Hjalmar Schacht, and John Foster Dulles, international attorney for dozens
of Nazi enterprises, with the counsel of Max Warburg and Kurt von Schroeder.

John Foster Dulles would later be U.S. Secretary of State, and the great
power in the Republican Party of the 1950s. Foster's friendship and that of
his brother Allen (head of the Central Intelligence Agency), greatly aided
Prescott Bush to become the Republican U.S. Senator from Connecticut. And it
was to be of inestimable value to George Bush, in his ascent to the heights
of `` covert action government, '' that both of these Dulles brothers were
the lawyers for the Bush family's far-flung enterprise.

Throughout the 1930s, John Foster Dulles arranged debt restructuring for
German firms under a series of decrees issued by Adolf Hitler. In these
deals, Dulles struck a balance between the interest owed to selected, larger
investors, and the needs of the growing Nazi war-making apparatus for
producing tanks, poison gas, etc.

Dulles wrote to Prescott Bush in 1937 concerning one such arrangement. The
German-Atlantic Cable Company, owning Nazi Germany's only telegraph channel
to the United States, had made debt and management agreements with the
Walker-Harriman bank during the 1920s. A new decree would now void those
agreements, which had originally been reached with non-Nazi corporate
officials. Dulles asked Bush, who managed these affairs for Averell
Harriman, to get Averell's signature on a letter to Nazi officials, agreeing
to the changes. Dulles wrote:

  Sept. 22, 1937
  Mr. Prescott S. Bush

  59 Wall Street, New York, N.Y.

  Dear Press,

  I have looked over the letter of the German-American [sic] Cable Company
to Averell Harriman.... It would appear that the only rights in the matter
are those which inure in the bankers and that no legal embarrassment would
result, so far as the bondholders are concerned, by your acquiescence in the
modification of the bankers' agreement.

  Sincerely yours,

  John Foster Dulles

Dulles enclosed a proposed draft reply, Bush got Harriman's signature, and
the changes went through.@s3@s6

In conjunction with these arrangements, the German Atlantic Cable Company
attempted to stop payment on its debts to smaller American bondholders. The
money was to be used instead for arming the Nazi state, under a decree of
the Hitler government.

Despite the busy efforts of Bush and Dulles, a New York court decided that
this particular Hitler `` law '' was invalid in the United States; small
bondholders, not parties to deals between the bankers and the Nazis, were
entitled to get paid.@s3@s7

In this and a few other of the attempted swindles, the intended victims came
out with their money. But the Nazi financial and political reorganization
went ahead to its tragic climax.

For his part in the Hitler revolution, Prescott Bush was paid a fortune.

This is the legacy he left to his son, President George Bush.

An Important Historical Note:
How the Harrimans Hired Hitler

It was not inevitable that millions would be slaughtered under fascism and
in World War II. At certain moments of crisis, crucial pro-Nazi decisions
were made outside of Germany. These decisions for pro-Nazi actions were more
aggressive than the mere `` appeasement '' which Anglo-American historians
later preferred to discuss.

Private armies of 300,000 to 400,000 terrorists aided the Nazis' rise to
power. W.A. Harriman's Hamburg-Amerika Line intervened against Germany's
1932 attempt to break them up.

The 1929-31 economic collapse bankrupted the Wall-Street-backed German Steel
Trust. When the German government took over the Trust's stock shares,
interests associated with Konrad Adenauer and the anti-Nazi Catholic Center
Party attempted to acquire the shares. But the Anglo-Americans--Montagu
Norman, and the Harriman-Bush bank--made sure that their Nazi puppet Fritz
Thyssen regained control over the shares and the Trust. Thyssen's
bankrolling of Hitler could then continue unhindered.

Unpayable debts crushed Germany in the 1920s, reparations required by the
Versailles agreements. Germany was looted by the London-New York banking
system, and Hitler's propaganda exploited this German debt burden.

But immediately after Germany came under Hitler's dictatorship, the
Anglo-American financiers granted debt relief, which freed funds to be used
for arming the Nazi state.

The North German Lloyd steamship line, which was merged with Hamburg-Amerika
Line, was one of the companies which stopped debt payments under a Hitler
decree arranged by John Foster Dulles and Hjalmar Schacht.

Kuhn Loeb and Co.'s Felix Warburg carried out the Hitler finance plan in New
York. Kuhn Loeb asked North German Lloyd bondholders to accept new lower
interest steamship bonds, issued by Kuhn Loeb, in place of the better
pre-Hitler bonds.

The Opposition
New York attorney Jacob Chaitkin, father of coauthor Anton Chaitkin, took
the cases of many different bondholders who rejected the swindle by
Harriman, Bush, Warburg, and Hitler. Representing a women who was owed $30
on an old steamship bond--and opposing John Foster Dulles in New York
municipal court--Chaitkin threatened a writ from the sheriff, tying up the
30,000 ton transatlantic liner Europa until the client received her $30.
(New York Times, January 10, 1934, p. 31 col. 3).

The American Jewish Congress hired Jacob Chaitkin as the legal director of
the boycott against Nazi Germany. The American Federation of Labor
cooperated with Jewish and other groups in the anti-import boycott. On the
other side, virtually all the Nazi trade with the United States was under
the supervision of the Harriman interests and functionaries such as Prescott
Bush, father of President George Bush.

Meanwhile, the Warburgs demanded that American Jews not `` agitate ''
against the Hitler government, or join the organized boycott. The Warburgs'
decision was carried out by the American Jewish Committee and the B'nai
B'rith, who opposed the boycott as the Nazi military state grew increasingly
powerful.

The historical coverup on these events is so tight that virtually the only
expose@aa of the Warburgs came in journalist John L. Spivak's `` Wall
Street's Fascist Conspiracy, '' in the pro-communist New Masses periodical
(Jan. 29 and Feb. 5, 1934). Spivak pointed out that the Warburgs controlled
the American Jewish Committee, which opposed the anti-Nazi boycott, while
their Kuhn Loeb and Co. had underwritten Nazi shipping; and he exposed the
financing of pro-fascist political activities by the Warburgs and their
partners and allies, many of whom were bigwigs in the American Jewish
Committee and B'nai B'rith.

Given where the Spivak piece appeared, it is not surprising that Spivak
called Warburg an ally of the Morgan Bank, but made no mention of Averell
Harriman. Mr. Harriman, after all, was a permanent hero of the Soviet Union.

John L. Spivak later underwent a curious transformation, himself joining the
coverup. In 1967, he wrote an autobiography (A Man in His Time, New York:
Horizon Press), which praises the American Jewish Committee. The pro-fascism
of the Warburgs does not appear in the book. The former `` rebel '' Spivak
also praises the action arm of the B'nai B'rith, the Anti-Defamation League.
Pathetically, he comments favorably that the League has spy files on the
American populace which it shares with government agencies.

Thus is history erased; and those decisions, which direct history into one
course or another, are lost to the knowledge of the current generation.